Mediation Effect of Tqm Technical Factors In Excellence Management Sys

Questions: Examination each term utilizing the DWC Virtual Library and sources from the suggested readings. Clarify how each term is utilized by administrative bookkeepers in the business condition. Give a model in your own words for every definition. Answers: Definitions and Examples: 1) Activity-Based Costing Movement Based Costing is considered as the approach of costing, which helps in perceiving the exercises of the association and designated explicit expense for every one of the exercises. Model: Figure 1: Example of Activity-based Costing (Source: Zhang, Hoque Isa, 2015) 2) Balanced Scorecard The equalization score card is related with the administration and key arranging framework, which is widely utilized in the business or business government, particularly, in the non-benefit association. Model: A portion of the components are related in introducing the instances of Balance Scorecard. These variables are Finance, learning and development, inner business procedure, and client. 3) Certified Management Accountant Guaranteed Management Accountant is an assignment given to a particular individual who shows the osmoses of blended aptitude and money related bookkeeping to increase the value of the key administration process. Model: The guaranteed bookkeeper who helps in the dynamic procedure in regards to the money related parts of the association. 4) Continuous Improvement The ceaseless improvement is considered as a progressing procedure for improving the procedure, items, or administrations of an association. Model The consistent improvement can be two sorts, for example, steady improvement and advancement improvement. 5) Cost-Benefit Analysis The money saving advantage investigation is a procedure embraced for breaking down the business choices. Model The money saving advantage investigation procedure can be related in time of undertaking the significant cost related activities to increase the value of the business benefit. 6) Cost Drivers Cost drivers is considered as a factor that contributes the costs of business activities. Model: Figure 2: Examples of Cost Drivers and Variability (Source: Rothaermel, 2015) 7) Cost of Goods Manufactured The term alludes to the costs that are should have been contributed while assembling of the merchandise or administrations. Model The costs engaged with the assembling procedure are indicating the expenses of work, crude materials, conveyance charges, bundling, and apparatus costs. 8) Cost of Goods Sold Machine gear-pieces is encouraging the immediate selling of the merchandise by an association. Model Figure 3: Example of COGS (Source: Fan Liu, 2015) 9) Direct Costs The immediate expenses are alluding the costs associated with the costs of materials, work charges, and different procedure of the creation house. Model The immediate work charge, commissions of the materials, fabricating supplies, and piece rate compensation are the immediate expenses. 10) Direct Labor The work related in the upkeep, managerial, and other help divisions are named as Direct Labor Model Individuals who are producing the nourishments or benefits and keeping up the exercises of the associations are considered as the immediate work of an association. 11) Fixed Costs The steady and fixed costs associated with the companys creation are considered as the fixed expenses Model Models are the rents, credit installments, and protection premium. 12) Indirect Costs The costs that are not straightforwardly joined to the bookkeeping factors for any task or action are named as roundabout Costs. Model Expenses of the venture, capacities, office or items 13) Indirect Labor Roundabout works are determining the went through hours on a specific action or venture, which has not been followed already. Model Buying staff, Production Supervisor 14) Just-in-Time (JIT) Production System The system is predominantly utilized in expanding the effectiveness and diminishing the measure of wastages by getting the quality measure of merchandise according to the necessities. Model Figure 4: Example of JIT creation (Source: Chen Sarker, 2015) 15) Opportunity Costs Opportunity cost is deciding the options during the hour of choosing any other option. Model Figure 5: Example of Opportunity Costs (Source: Garciaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Castro Aguilera, 2015) 16) Period Costs The period costs are related with the selling functionalities of the business by deciding the managerial purposes. Model Selling costs, devaluation cost, publicizing costs 17) Product Cost The item cost is creating the possibility of the expenses related during the assembling of any item. Model Crude materials, processing plant devaluation, work charge 18) Sunk Cost Sunk Costs are alluding to the costs that have been brought about and can't recoup. Model Future costs, forthcoming expenses 19) Total Quality Management (TQM) The methodology of the administration in deciding the drawn out progress through accomplishing the consumer loyalty is considered as Total Quality Management. Model Figure 6: Example of TQM (Source: Calvo-Mora et al. 2014) 20) Variable Costs The costs engaged with the creation volume are considered as factor costs. Model Direct Materials, Commissions, Piece rate Labor References Calvo-Mora, A., Ruiz-Moreno, C., Picn-Berjoyo, A., Cauzo-Bottala, L. (2014). Intervention impact of TQM specialized factors in greatness the board systems.Journal of Business Research,67(5), 769-774. Chen, Z., Sarker, B. R. (2015). Advancement of multi-stage JIT creation valuing choice: incorporated and decentralized models and algorithms.International Journal of Production Research,53(20), 6210-6230. Fan, Y., Liu, X. K. (2015). Misclassifying Core Expenses as Special Items: Cost of Goods Sold or Selling, General, and Administrative Expenses?.Contemporary Accounting Research, Forthcoming. Garciaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Castro, R., Aguilera, R. V. (2015). Gradual worth creation and appointment in a world with different stakeholders.Strategic Management Journal,36(1), 137-147. Rothaermel, F. T. (2015).Strategic administration. McGraw-Hill. Zhang, Y. F., Hoque, Z., Isa, C. R. (2015). The Effects of Organizational Culture and Structure on the Success of Activity-Based Costing Implementation. InAdvances in Management Accounting(pp. 229-257). Emerald Group Publishing Limited.

Emirates Airline Company HRM Process

HRM includes shaping and planning the human individual in an association towards accomplishing the key business destinations of the association. HRM has a procedure that incorporates enlistment, meeting and choice, direction and preparing strategies, execution evaluation, and employees’ remuneration (â€Å"Processes in Human Resource Management†).Advertising We will compose a custom appraisal test on Emirates Airline Company HRM Process explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More This exposition will dissect the Emirates Airline under the above procedures of HRM. The HRM at the Fly Emirates is under the Emirates Group Human Resource office. This Group manages the issues of all workers in the association. The Group has been adjusting the interests of the organization and the workers through compelling relations. Enrollment is where an association recognizes that it needs to utilize a person who is capable utilizing pertinent application structures. Enrollment can be either interior or outer. In inside enlistment, an organization considers its representatives for the opening while outside enrollment includes considering the general population in the enrollment procedure. Right now, the Fly Emirates requires Cabin Crews; the applications for these posts are as yet open. Lodge Crews are qualified for a tax-exempt compensation, free convenience and open for vocation improvement. A portion of the necessities for thought incorporate 21 years or more; arms reach of a base length of 212cms, secondary school instruction, restoratively fit and uplifting disposition towards managing individuals from differing foundations (â€Å"Human Resources†).Advertising Looking for evaluation on business financial aspects? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The administration expects the Cabin Crews to offer phenomenal client support to explorers all through the flight. They can deal with crises and g uarantee that the travelers are agreeable. Additionally, they serve suppers, sell things, help travelers in loading up planes, and show wellbeing strategies to the travelers. The enrollment group at the Emirates Group targets engrossing qualified and submitted experts through an organization or in-house enlistment process. It guides administrators in utilizing the appraisal apparatuses and dynamic during the enlistment procedure. This helps with adjusting the Group HR strategies and practices into the enlisted people from the whole globe. The enlistment group at the Fly Emirates offers arrangements that help the development of the organization in this way encouraging accomplishment of targets. The following occupation at the Emirates Airline is Employee Assistant Specialist. The activity requires the holder to give warning and guiding administrations to the staff at Emirates Group and their relatives. In supporting any outcome, the administration anticipates that the jobholder shoul d be accessible if the need arises every minute of every day aside from on ends of the week and open occasions, yet he/she should arrange with other Employee Assistance Professional Counselors. The activity holder likewise gives loss backing to relatives in the event of the death of their associate (â€Å"Human Resources†). On the capabilities and experience, the individual ought to be an alumni ideally from social work, guiding, brain science, or nursing field.Advertising We will compose a custom appraisal test on Emirates Airline Company HRM Process explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Moreover, the jobholder ought to be a Certified Employee Assistance Professional (CEAP) as it meets the universal degrees of offering representative help and proceeded with enthusiasm for advancement in the social work or mental line. Capability in Microsoft Office applications and familiarity with both composed and communicated in English is important. On compensations, the pay is tax-exempt and is joined by free carrier ventures. There is likewise the H.R. Master Business Support †International who is required to screen HR Recruitment Services over the Emirates arrange. The enlistment procedure at the Emirates Airline follows a very much structured technique, where work searchers apply on the web. The Emirates Group site shows arrangements of dynamic occupation opportunities and an application structure. At the point when one finishes this structure, the structures go to the line supervisors and the enlistment group; they experience the applications to get the best competitor. In the determination procedure, a candidate can get a warning demonstrating that he/she has been shortlisted. Now, he/she goes to Dubai for a physical meeting. At that point, there is the post-determination process where fruitful candidates get messages and calls instructing them on the following course regarding activity. Simultaneously, fruitless candidates get letters t hat educate them regarding the outcomes.Advertising Searching for evaluation on business financial matters? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More In conclusion, the Human Resources Employee Services (HRES) contacts the up-and-comer and aides him/her on the most proficient method to deal with the work contract and other pertinent reports. Now, the enlistment procedure at the Emirates Group closes. The above enrollment process shows how the group directs its meetings to pick the best applicant that coordinates the activity prerequisites. Subsequently, the determination is a procedure of choosing the best up-and-comer among the numerous candidates. The determination procedure helps firms to assimilate skilled and top quality workers in this manner acknowledging consistent development (â€Å"Human Resources†). A phenomenal choice procedure includes leading a reference check toward the end; this helps the board to remember the aptitudes and characteristics that an up-and-comer should have. The choice board helps in creating different choice models, getting ready inquiries questions, and giving contributions on the last deter mination. These boards, in this manner, help in picking very equipped applicants who can convey on the objectives of an association. Particularly, interviews make an intuitive domain that helps the business in evaluating the candidate about the activity and even find out about the candidate. This procedure likewise offers the candidate the chance to comprehend the occupations in subtleties. Consequently, interviews are key devices that require consideration in other evaluation and determination forms. On the direction and preparing procedures, the workers at the Emirates Airline get the best instructional classes that are perceived globally as degrees. These courses are sorted out in two measurements, web based learning and study hall based. Other recognition courses utilize a mix of the measurements. All workers must go to courses after an offered period to improve their aptitudes and information on what the organization expects of them. Medical aid preparing stays an obligatory co urse for all the workers with the goal that they can deal with crisis cases. Preparing is a procedure that grants abilities and information into jobholders to help a firm meet or outperform its destinations. Emirates Airline has an aeronautics school where the representatives are presented to learning at work. Preparing can change the practices of workers at work to concentrate on administration conveyance. Since the Emirates Group perceives the significance of self-improvement and information base, it has organized high gauge preparing programs that all representatives can get to (â€Å"Human Resources†). There is likewise a system of Learning Resource Centers (LRC), which gives quiet conditions to considering, as they are consistently a long way from the bustling work environments. The direction of the Emirates bunch empowers learning among its partners. The initiative course of action from the C.E.O. to the most minimal level representatives uncovers an association that is out to offer brilliant types of assistance. The other activity at Emirates Airlines is the National Cadet Pilot. A portion of the necessities under this activity incorporate a decent order of communicated in English, age section somewhere in the range of 17 and 29 years, a legitimate UAE identification and a family book, and clinical wellness (â€Å"Human Resources†). The pilots are qualified for advantages, for example, pay that starts from the hour of preparing to breathe easy, which is following three to four years. Their preparation gets full financing from the Emirates Airline; they are likewise concurred far reaching clinical protection and development advances that pull in no interests. During their enrollment time, one experiences psychomotor and psychometric tests, a TOEFL test, individual meeting, and starting and far reaching clinical assessment. The preparation procedure of a Cadet Pilot is separated into three stages. The primary stage is the establishment progr am, which happens at the Emirates Training College in Dubai. Furthermore, there is the flight-preparing program that happens in Spain for year and a half. Upon consummation, one is given a course fruition declaration. This stage additionally includes near 223 hours of involvement in a flight. The last stage includes status to fly huge planes, and it happens in Dubai. After the preparation, the Airline and Agency lead nonstop preparing to keep the pilots refreshed on new highlights that influence the accomplishment of authoritative objectives and destinations. Execution evaluation and overseeing exhibitions are basic administration duties and a crucial piece of the organization’s key administration process. Execution the board advances the hierarchical and representative conduct and execution required to improve primary concern results (Stone 73). Execution examination is a key piece of an organization’s execution the board framework. The organizations don't connect the ir business vital destinations with the individual worker execution rules. The goal of the HR at the Emirates Airline is to get the top entertainer to get higher prizes, and lesser entertainers get lower rewards is basic for empowering execution arranged conduct as well as

Traditional Housing Alternatives Are They a Good Deal - OppLoans

Traditional Housing Alternatives Are They a Good Deal - OppLoans Traditional Housing Alternatives: Are They a Good Deal? Traditional Housing Alternatives: Are They a Good Deal?Is alternative housing too alternative?Whether you own or rent your home, the cost of living can be a serious burden on cash flow, no matter where you live in the country. In fact, almost one-third of U.S. households feel some sort of cost burden related to their housing situation.According to a 2019 report on the state of the nation’s housing from the Harvard Joint Center for Housing Studies, a “burdened” household is one that spends more than 30% of its income on housing. While the numbers have improved in recent years for homeowners, the report says, “Public concern about a rental affordability crisis has increased in many areas of the country as cost burdens have moved up the income scale.”So let’s put these numbers into perspective: According to Zillow, the median price to purchase a home in the United States is $229,600 and the median rental price is $1,700. Neither of those numbers are pocket change, and they m ay be high enough to push someone to look for alternative housing options, especially if their housing needs are nontraditional and the idea of a 30-year installment loan â€" also known as a mortgage â€" isn’t the best decision for them.There is one option that has been garnering attention of both the positive and negative variety: co-living spaces. While nontraditional, they are catered to the person looking for a low-commitment, low-cost housing option.Co-living spacesCo-living spaces are designed for multiple people to inhabit together â€" sort of like a dorm.They tend to be marketed towards young professionals.There is a lot of variation in the sort of accommodations these spaces provide. To use a relatively popular example, we will focus on Podshare, a company that provides community living spaces for a relatively low cost   Each “pod” includes a bunk bed, but also includes a flat screen tv, outlets, and a nightlight. Tenants have access to communal amenities like bathroo ms and workspaces, and also receive linens, toiletries, WiFi, and access to other benefits, such as laundry access for $5 a load, housekeeping, and more.Torben Lonne, frequent traveler and co-founder of Dive.in told us a little bit about the pod concept: “That is the extent of your personal space, as everything else is communal and the co-living space is open-concept. So essentially the community polices itself, including extensive peer-reviews and pre-screening to ensure safety in the community space.”The upsidesIf your living needs aren’t quite traditional, a less traditional housing option may be worth considering.Lonne sees co-living spaces as a good possibility for “travelers, remote workers, and digital nomads who account for a good portion of the millennial population.” According to Lonne, Podshare is more sustainable, ecofriendly, and more affordable than Airbnb or traditional renting options.As for how much more affordable, a Podshare room in Los Angeles ranges fr om $50 a night to $1,400 per month, depending on the exact location. Either way, this   is cheaper than the median rental price for a city that has higher housing costs than most of America.Amy Freedman, real estate expert and associate at UpFlip, highlights insurance as a built-in co-living benefit, as well as security. “For a young person who is looking to get creative and take time off from networking to focus on work, I would recommend Podshare. It gives you the space needed to explore your capabilities and also interact with people of similar interests.”The downsidesWhile co-living spaces may come with certain guarantees, they also come with significantly less freedom than having your own house or apartment.“If you are looking for a place where you can get creative and also entertain outside interactions, like flirting and other related activities, than these housing alternatives are just not the right fit,” warns Freedman. “Sex is restricted, so one must consider tha t, too.”If you value your privacy, these are a very bad choice, as well. As a short-term alternative to Airbnb or hostels, it could be a good option, but you might miss the comforts of having your own room very quickly.To be clear, living in a Podshare location is similar to living in a summer camp for adults. While it is cheaper than similar alternatives, such as WeLive, which provides more costly options but access to private rooms, many would argue that having your own room means those alternatives are not similar at all. While these could be an intriguing option for those who can not afford to live in some of the most expensive cities in America, critics see them as a poor attempt to fill the gap left by improper housing policies.But you are not in charge of civil housing policies, and if you are, you should stop reading this article and start fixing those issues instead.In reality: You are in charge of figuring out your current housing needs. If you are looking for the cheape st option for a brief stay, co-living may be your best option. However, unless you are open to the trade-offs that come with the cost savings, it probably will not be a good long term choice.

Comparison of Supply Chain Management Practices Essay

This report provides a comparison of the supply chain management practices of Wal-Mart and Toyota. Comparison was done after researching, examining, and analysing each company’s supply chain management practices, in relation to each company’s values and philosophy. Comparison was done in five sections, by examining strategic alliances, procurement and outsourcing, challenges and risks, sustainable strategies, and efficient supply chains in relation to technology. Additional figures and references used can be found in the appendix and reference list. Comparison of the two supply chain management practices showed that despite being from different industries, with different company philosophies, Wal-Mart and Toyota both have similarities†¦show more content†¦These practices ensure production and distribution of merchandise in the right quantities, locations, and time. Efficient supply chain management can provide a source of competitive advantage to an organisation (Christopher, 2012). In the case of Wal-Mart, supply chain management practices are targeted towards lowering cost price, the basis of Wal-Mart’s competitive strategy. This is done by avoiding unnecessary middlemen and seeking to purchase products directly from manufacturers. As a large retailer, Wal-Mart is also able to utilise buyer power to achieve a supply chain that is more efficient and low-cost (Basker, 2007). Supply chain management practices for Toyota are integrated into the Toyota Production System (TPS). TPS is a combination of organizational philosophies, and practices, focusing on relationships and quality. Toyota achieves this by producing vehicles Just In Time (JIT), to reduce in-process inventory and associated carrying costs, as well as increasing flexibility. This also reduces overburden and inconsistency in the supply chain, and cuts wastage (Gross McInnis, 2003). Toyota thus achieves efficiency and low-cost through the streamlining of the supply chain processes. Each company has different types of supply chain practices. Wal-Mart manages their supply chain by leveraging their buyer power for a better negotiating position, and shortensShow MoreRelatedThe Main Influences On Operation Management1112 Words   |  5 PagesOperations management is an area of management concerned with overseeing, designing, and controlling the process of production and redesigning business operations in the production of goods or services. The main influences on operation management include; ï  ¶ Globalisation ï  ¶ Technology ï  ¶ Quality expectation ï  ¶ Cost-based competition ï  ¶ Government policies ï  ¶ Legal regulation ï  ¶ Environmental sustainability ï  ¶ Cooperate social responsibility (CSR) Globalisation Globalisation is the change in a businessRead MoreSupply Chain Management1259 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Supply chain management is a valuable practice whose purpose is to offer businesses a competitive advantage in the market place. According to Jacoby, D. (2010), some companies like Walmart and Dell have applied this system to gain a competitive advantage in the market while others have failed to apply it owing to its complexity. Companies require adequate and accurate information about all the players in the chain management in order for them to meet their consumers, demands whileRead MoreProduction Planning And Inventory Control1520 Words   |  7 PagesPlanning and Inventory Control Processes covers manufacturing, storage, and related areas. Specifically, the production planning controls the designing and management of the entire airplane manufacturing processes input material scheduling and acquisition, manufacturing, design, and material handling. The inventory control is on the design and management of storage procedures for the raw materials inputs in the airplane manufacturin g processes, work-in-progress inventories, and final products. The DistributionRead MoreBest Practices With Collaborating Information1061 Words   |  5 Pagesdetailed comparison of best practices with collaborating information in supply chain strategic, Supply chain management is an area of importance. This paper was wrote by a survey of a large number of publications on supply chain management for context and an industry expert interview. This literature review analyses the case study of a Reco market to show its best practice supply chain strategy. The logistics and supply chain decision structure, distribution processes and future supply chain improvementRead MoreEssay on Protecting The Supply Chain1004 Words   |  5 Pagescompany’s supply chain, the more vulnerable the company becomes. When the company’s suppliers spread further and further away from the company, the company becomes even more vulnerable to political and currency risk, cyber attacks, missed inventory goals, and failed communication with the supply chain. For a company to overcome those potential vulnerabilities, a company must build safeguards into their operations. Those safeguards include a strong corporate backing in supply chain management, solidRead MoreScm in Banking Sector1398 Words   |  6 Pages(Liquidity and Credit Management) ï‚ ¢ Credit Card Delivery Mechanism ï‚ ¢ Corporate Banking ï‚ ¢ HNI Banking ï‚ ¢ 2 UNIQUE FEATURES OF SERVICE INDUSTRY ï‚ ¢ The customer – a participant in the service process ï‚ ¢ Simultaneous production and consumption ï‚â€" Perishability ï‚ ¢ Limited Scale Economies ï‚ ¢ Labor Intensiveness ï‚ ¢ Intangibility 3 SCM IN SERVICE INDUSTRY Supplier Relationship Management Source Negotiate Buy Design Collaboration Integrated Supply Chain Management Strategic PlanningRead MoreA Report On Woolworths Company1322 Words   |  6 PagesAustralia for their supermarket’s and retail chains. Woolworths run several high profile Australian stores such as BWS, Dan Murphys, Big W and the highly publicized Masters. The reason for my choice of Woolworths was that as they are one of the biggest companies and employers in Australia, and have recently been in the media spotlight for the closing of one of the recent projects Masters. Another major reason as to my choice of Woolworths is that there supply-chain would be as interesting and extensiveRead MoreInventory Management Systems and Their Descriptions1140 Words   |  5 Pagesnumerous inventory management systems, and examples include Systems Application Programming (SAP) System and JD Edwards inventory systems. SAP is an Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) system that facilitates how businesses run their supply chains. SAP provides businesses and their supply network a quick access t o supplier information, building a patent supply network that promotes a resourceful relationship for a more supple and receptive supply network. SAP supply-chain management (SCM) has severalRead MoreThe Effect of Supply Chains Management Process Essay1582 Words   |  7 Pages Supply chains management (SCM) is one of popular concept in business administration both in practical areas and academic discipline. Supply chains management can be seen as a response to the changing of global market conditions. Level of uncertainty in almost every aspect of our life from political to economy, from natural disaster to advance technology has lead massive changes in global and local market. SCM then is one of the concepts used by both scholar and company to overcome the challengeRead MoreRole Of The Roles Of The Company s Supply Chain Essay1318 Words   |  6 Pages Executive Summary Role of the different actors in supply network Producers (http://www.inderscience.com/info/ingeneral/cfp.php?id=489) The producers play a big role in the firm’s supply chain, from product development to finished goods inventory management. Integrating the supplier’s activities with its own has become important for the firm, to minimise inventories and to be able to deliver customer orders on time. Closed-loop manufacturing is a system in which a product is created using renewable

The Invention Of China s Inventions - 1795 Words

On a daily basis, people come across hundreds of inventions that are made around the world. Each one of these inventions have profoundly affected the way people live their lives. China is one of the leading providers to the United States. They have also made various inventions that people benefit from today. One of China s earliest inventions was paper. This invention was developed in 105AD and has become a product people still use today. The ingredients that were used to make paper was a variety of fibrous materials, birch leaves, and wood pulp. The process of making paper would take up to thirty days to construct. The production of paper was a rigorous process that China held secret for hundreds of years. Despite the fact that there†¦show more content†¦By this time paper mills had been invented in other countries which caused the paper to go from a complex recipe that was one held secret by the Chinese to a ubiquitous production with the use of machinery. People have come far in the innovation of paper. One component that has been altered are the ingredients that go into the paper. Although some ingredients remain the same, paper factories use more chemicals to manufacture paper rather than the traditional ingredients. With this technology and different ingredients, making paper has now become much easier and faster when compared to ancient times. It is now one of the most used item in our daily lives. Another Chinese invention that has had a profound affect in people s lives is gunpowder. It was first invented in 142 AD by Wei Boyang (quart) and has become a greatly used product around the world. Like many of China s inventions, it was kept a secret. It was not until 1100s AD that this secret was discovered. The first to hear about the discovery of the gunpowder was the Islamic empire. It was then discovered by the Roman empire and soon made its way to Europe. China first discovered gunpowder could be used as a weapon when they put gunpowder on one end of a bamboo tube and a metal item on the other end. This caused the gunpowder to explode and shoot the metal item from the other end. This was the start of the weapons we use today. The first ingredients that gunpowder was made with was a mixture of sulfur,

Sociological Explanations of Unequal Distributions of...

Sociology Homework: Examine the sociological explanations of unequal distributions of wealth and income in contemporary Britain (24 marks) There are five main sociological explanations of unequal distributions of wealth and income in contemporary Britain that I will be discussing as well as explaining within this essay. One sociological explanation for the unequal distribution of wealth and income in contemporary Britain is because it is necessary for the maintenance of society. This is argued by functionalists such as Davis and Moore who suggest that inequality in wealth and income is very significant due to the fact that some jobs are seen as more functionally important than others. As well as this, they believe that meritocratic†¦show more content†¦However this theory can be criticised as it only looks at inequality within class and not inequality within gender, age or other aspects. In addition to this this theory also fails to explain inequality within men and women from different cultural and traditional backgrounds. A further explanation is because of market situation of individual workers in the labour market. This is argued by a social theorist in the name of Weber, who suggested that wealth and income inequality occurs because some jobs have high rewards due to the fact that they are associated with strong trade unions. Other reasons are because of how high the demand is or because of key attributes needed in order to undertake a job. A prime example would be people employed to undertake transport services e.g train or bus drivers. On average Train drivers get around  £ 41,000 a year while nurses or school secretaries get around 15-27,000 a year. We see that this is the case because train drivers are linked to trade unions such as the TLC which help make the decisions of striking or protesting if something is wrong and its difficult for the government to oppose transport workers as a lot of people rely on tubes and buses to get to work and if trains and buses don’t operate then no mo ney will go towards the government. This links to contemporary Britain because some jobs don’t give highShow MoreRelatedIs Class a Zombie Category? Essay example5045 Words   |  21 PagesIs class a zombie category? - by Daniel Byrne ‘Talent is 21st century wealth. †¦ It is the nations only hope of salvation †¦ Not equal incomes. Not uniform lifestyles or taste or culture. But true equality: equal worth, an equal chance of fulfillment, equal access to knowledge and opportunity. Equal rights. Equal responsibilities’ (BBC, 1999). 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Sure, some parts may appeal more to practitioners, while others may be more of interest to the academically inclined. This is in the nature of the beast. We did not set out to domesticate it butRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesSkills 8. Empowering and Delegating 9. Building Effective Teams and Teamwork 10. Leading Positive Change Consistent with our focus on promoting effective management practice, the material in these chapters provides guidance for a variety of contemporary management challenges, including: â€Å"How can I help others accept new goals, new ideas, new approaches?† â€Å"How can I invigorate those who feel outdated and left behind?† â€Å"How do I help the ‘survivors’ of a downsizing pick up the pieces and move on

Honesty, the Key Virtue free essay sample

Honesty, the Key Virtue â€Å"It’s a special thing, Like the flutter love brings, And the tune We allow our trust to sing. Without it, we fall apart. Without it, there’s no purpose To our start. It’s what enhances the bond Within humanity. What could this special thing be?† To merely say you love someone and trust someone means nothing. To have found what makes that love and trust last, however, means everything. People cannot simply say they love someone; they must show it. Also, trust is not a bridge that is constructed overnight; it takes time. These two qualities in a relationship are earned, and involve great care and commitment. There’s a problem, though. It’s easy enough to love someone for a while, and to trust someone for a day; but, what makes it last? The practice of honesty makes it last. Honesty is one of the key virtues a human can possess within a relationship. We will write a custom essay sample on Honesty, the Key Virtue or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page With honesty, people can better love and trust one another to their greatest potential. When you aspire to love someone, honesty must be present in your relationship. Whether you are trying to love your parents, friends, significant other, or anyone else, you must be honest with them. By being honest in any kind of relationship, you show respect and the ultimate height of love. To love someone means that you have consciously made the decision to put their needs before your own and help them in any way possible in bettering their life. Honesty is necessary in a loving relationship because it creates unity and level ground where you both can meet. Could you truly love someone who you’ve never been honest with? Also, if you’re not honest with someone you love, can that person trust you, and can you trust that person? When you trust someone, honesty is a critical characteristic you both must have. By being honest with one another, you are creating trust. It is very easy to portray yourself as somebody very different than who you actually are. By trusting someone, you have chosen to take off the mask and to let that person into your world, however secretive you may be. Therefore, if you trust someone, you will be honest with that person. Being honest is so important when you trust someone, because it molds your relationship into the strongest relationship one can havea relationship with trust. Just as easily as honesty creates trust, dishonesty destroys relationships. The most shattering realization is when you realize that someone you love and trust has been dishonest with you. It really makes you wonder why, if the person really loved you, he or she would hurt you by being dishonest. Also, if you have trusted someone, and then he or she returns your trust by later being dishonest with you, don’t you start to second guess the whole relationship? Dishonesty really hurts the love two people have created. Why hurt someone you love? If you love someone, you trust that person. To break that trust by being dishonest must be the lowest form of conduct one could put upon another. Dishonesty is completely unnecessary. Always be honest, and it will result into lasting, promising characteristics of love and trust in your relationships. Although other virtues in relationships are extremely valuable, the quality of honesty is one of the most fundamental assets one can possess. With honesty comes understanding, insight, sensitivity and meaning. In order to create a relationship where there is genuine love and trust, there must be honesty, or else the relationship will not last. If you truly care about someone, being honest with that person should not be hard. Honesty is what enhances the bond within humanity. Always be honest, don’t break the bond you have created, and your relationships will be valuable and last forever.

Supernatural In Macbeth Essays (658 words) - Characters In Macbeth

Supernatural In Macbeth The supernatural plays a large role within the play Macbeth. This is seen in all of the scenes where the witches appear, the changes in nature during the night when Duncan was killed, in the apparitions of the prophecies, and with the air-drawn dagger that guides Macbeth towards his victim.The apparitions in act four are parallel to those in the beginning of the play. The helmeted head represents Macbeth, and repeats his fear of Macduff. The bloody child represents Macduff, so this give Macbeth assurance of his royalty. This is shown in the quote AThe power of man, for none of woman born shall harm [emailprotected] (Act four, scene one). Macduff=s birth was unnatural. The crowned child bearing a tree represents Malcolm. This too gave Macbeth a feeling of power because he would never be harmed until Birnam Wood would come to Dunsinane Hill.If Macbeth did not take the immediate interpretation of the first three predictions, and looked for an alter meaning then he may not have been over confident which led him to his self destruction. Now comes the most interesting of the supernatural contained within the novel. This is the witches. They are very closely associated with the number three. They are a group of three and there are three prophecies. They had the power to tell the future and create storms. These are still today thought to be truly fictious. They are also thought to have no appearance. This is told to us by Banquo when he mentions that they are women but are bearded. He also tells us that they are withered, their clothes are wild and careless, their hands are coarse and rough, Achoppy [emailprotected], and that their lips are [emailprotected] and colourless.These witches have a very strong relation to Macbeth. One of which is that they represent Macbeths evil ambitions. After Act 1, Scene 3, they are not seen by anyone but Macbeth, and in Act 4, Scene 2, they are not seen by Lennox when they leave the cavern. Even though they are tied strongly to Macbeth they do not guide him, they only represent his ambitions and dreams. After the first two predictions had come true, Macbeth commits murder in order to make the third one come true. In the latter half of the novel, there are three more prophecies that come true. These however are to bring about the ruin of Macbeth and the uprise of Macduff.The night that Macbeth goes to commit the murder there are many changes that happen to the weather. In those days it was thought that when there was bad weather that a king would be killed or harmed in some way. This just added to the plot and made it more intriguing to the reader. The floating dagger in Act 2, Scene 1, reveals Macbeths imagination. As he goes to grab the dagger it starts to float away from him, leading him to Duncan=s room. This floating dagger is fictious, and so Macbeth reaches and pulls out his own dagger. Macbeth calls this floating dagger a Afatal [emailprotected] He calls it this because it is the vision that will be fatal t o Duncan. There is more supernatural mentioned as it describes how Macbeth moves in the night like Aa [emailprotected] with Aravishing [emailprotected] the play Macbeth, there appears to be a lot of supernatural contained within. This is seen by the witches prophecies about Macbeth, which enables Macbeth to have the courage to murder in cold blood to become the King of Scotland. This is also seen by the environmental changes during the night of the death, and the imagery that gets Macbeth to the door of Duncan to perform the murder. The supernatural is what made Macbeth perform the horrible actions because he did not look deeper into the prophecies. It is also what had eventually led to his death from Macduff. Supernatural Issues

British Capitalism Develpment

British Capitalism Develpment Introduction/Thesis statement In order for us to be able to define and to explain the most distinctive features of British capitalism, ever since the time of Industrial Revolution until comparatively times, we will need to refer to the discussed subject matter from not solely economic but also geopolitical and socio-cultural perspective.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on British Capitalism Develpment specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More If put in a nutshell, the history of British capitalism can be outlined as follows: After Industrial Revolution made it possible to invest in such newly emerged industries as textile producing, railway building and steam-engine engineering, through years 1760-1860 British economy experienced an unprecedented boom. Nevertheless, from 1860 onwards, the vitality of British economy started to become progressively undermined. This process continued throughout the course of 20th century and had r esulted in creation of a situation when, as of today, British financial system is essentially the only self-sustainable sector of country’s economy. And, there are good reasons to believe that the closer analysis of British capitalism’s evolution, will provide us with the insight on what represented its foremost features, throughout the course of an affiliated historical era. In this paper, we will aim to do just that. Main part/Conclusion The origins of British capitalism are rooted in the workings of Puritan/Protestant mentality. As it was pointed out by Max Weber, the very essence of Protestantism, as essentially secular religion, created objective preconditions for Industrial Revolution to begin in Britain, as the country that featured a stable government, on one hand, and idealistically minded but utterly industrious population, on another – it is namely the combination these two socio-political factors that drives forward scientific progress.[1] Thus, it w as due to objectively existing laws of historical dialectics that, from 1760 onwards, the value of labor in British economy started to attain independent subtleties – hence, facilitating the process of country’s industrialization. By the end of 19th century, Britain became the first fully industrialized nation. Nevertheless, what differed Britain from other countries that had undergone industrialization later in history, is that it possessed a vast colonial Empire. This was exactly the reason why in Britain, instead of being invested into developing of new technologies, the bulk of ‘surplus value’, created by an ongoing process of industrialization, was invested into the maintenance of an Empire and into developing the resource-based sectors of economy.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In his book, Rubinstein (1993) states: â€Å"British investment increasingly went overseas, especially into developing the primary industries minerals, rubber, jute, gold and diamonds of the tropical Empire, or the infrastructure railways, docks, public works, construction in the temperate regions of the Empire settled by emigre Britons† (p. 4). Nevertheless, as we are well aware of, the pace of scientific progress renders the functioning of resource-based commercial enterprises increasingly unfeasible. For example, after the end of WW2, the cost value of a copper in telephone cables accounted for 80%. The telephone cable at the bottom of Atlantic Ocean, which during the course of forties and fifties was connecting America and Europe, was utterly expensive and yet – it allowed making only 138 parallel telephone calls. Nowadays, despite the fact that the cost value of raw materials in optical fiber cables accounts for only 10%, they can sustain 750.000 parallel telephone conversations, at the time.[2] In other words, t he initial vigor of British capitalism was lost, because Britons’ capitalistic industriousness was channeled into improving the living standards for local populations in colonies. To put it allegorically – the kinetic power of British capitalism was transformed into the heat, which later simply dispersed into the thin air, on the account of colonies having succeeded in liberating themselves from ‘white oppression’. Thus, one of the most distinctive traits of British capitalism was its affiliation with ‘white man’s burden’ of spreading the light of civilization, which sets it apart of from capitalisms of Germany or U.S., for example, strictly concerned with generating a commercial profit. As it was rightly pointed out by Rubinstein in the same book: â€Å"Gentlemanly capitalism, based on land, finance, and commercial services, is the key to understanding the growth of the British Empire† (p. 40). Apparently, British capitalists ne ver ceased being little more than just profit-driven individuals, as it used to be the case with their counterparts from the rest of the world. Thus, British capitalistic ‘gentriness’ can be partially blamed for the fact that, by 20th century’s twenties and thirties, there were millions of highly skilled but unemployed industrial workers in Britain. And, as time went by, it was becoming increasingly harder for them to find a job, as commercial feasibility of Britain’s industries, associated with extraction and utilization of natural resources (especially of those overseas), started to become progressively undermined. For example, in 1925, when prices for natural rubber were at all times high, this product accounted for 15% of all British exports. However, since Germans discovered a technology for producing synthetic rubber in 1935, within a matter of two years, the share of natural rubber from colonies in British exports fell down to 3% selling this produ ct simply ceased being quite as profitable.[3]Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on British Capitalism Develpment specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Therefore, it is not by a pure accident that it was namely during the course of twenties and thirties, that British trade-unionist movement started to gain a momentum, which in its turn, established socio-political preconditions for the concept of so-called ‘welfare state’ to grow increasingly popular with more and more Britons. Very rapidly, the functioning of British free-market economy was attaining a number of clearly defined Socialist subtleties. This brings us to discuss another distinctive feature of British capitalism – the fact that it had undergone a rapid transformation being ‘wild’ to becoming essentially ‘semi-socialist’. Despite the fact that, throughout the course of second half of 19th century, British capitalism wa s strongly associated with merciless exploitation of child labor and with virtual absence of trade-unionist movement, in the first decade of 20th century a number of legislations have been passed by the Parliament, in order to protect workers’ social and economic rights. For example, Britain was the first country in the world that in 1911 made workers eligible for unemployment insurance. Moreover, as time went by, the government continued to bestow a variety of social benefits upon workers. In his article, Fulcher (1997) states: â€Å"The 1920 National Insurance Act greatly extended the coverage of unemployment benefit and the 1921 Act first provided allowances for the dependants of the unemployed†¦ The 1925 Act established the modern pension system of non-means-tested pensions for those over 65† (p. 515). In its turn, this explains why, unlike what it used to be the case in other major capitalist countries, such as France, Italy, U.S., Spain and China (with excep tion of Nazi Germany, of course), British Communists were never popular with British ‘proletarians’, on behalf of which they spoke. According to Wood (1959): â€Å"The C.P.G.B. (Communist Party of Great Britan) has always been smaller than any Communist party of a major industrial nation. Although membership of 10,000 was officially claimed at the time of its foundation, the actual figure seems to have been nearer 2.500† (p. 259). The reason for this is simple – due to Labor Party’s political activities, during the course of thirties, British society was growing increasingly Socialist. And, socialist-minded citizens are much more likely to affiliate themselves with the concept of a ‘welfare state’, as opposed to affiliating themselves with the concept of ‘class struggle’. Nevertheless, as we know from the lessons of history, while providing various benefits to unprivileged members of society, the implementation of the conce pt of ‘welfare state’ undermines the effectiveness of economy’s functioning. The economies of ‘welfare states’ are necessarily stagnant, which explains such economies’ insensitivity to free-market challenges.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This was the reason why, unlike what it was the case with America’s capitalism, British capitalism remained largely unaffected by the Great Depression of 1929 – Britain’s depression began in 1921 and it subtly continues until today. As Booth (1982) had put it in his article: â€Å"At some time in early 1921 it became clear that the period of prosperity was over. To all sections of the community, therefore, the outlook was one of unaccustomed bleakness† (p. 208). The fact that this depression was being extended over such long period of time, simply made it less acutely felt. Unlike what it was the case with American depression, British depression was not predetermined by free-market economy’s fluctuations, but by government’s attempts to keep these fluctuations under control. Despite the fact that Britain came as a winner out of WW2, country’s economic might was greatly diminished by this war and by India’s proclamation of indep endence in 1947, which initiated the process of Empire’s dismantling. Britain’s financial system, represented by London’s City; nevertheless, remained comparatively strong. However, despite being semi-independent and privately own financial institution, much like America’s Federal Reserve, the Bank of England had chosen in favor of qualitatively different approach towards increasing the effectiveness of economy’s functioning, as compared to what it was the case with Federal Reserve. Instead of striving to provide a boost to the economy by increasing the amount of money in domestic circulation – hence, increasing citizens’ buying power, which in its turn, would result in increasing the competitiveness of nation’s industries, it simply embarked upon lending money to foreign governments and financial institutions and also upon ensuing a variety of internationally traded bonds.[4] In the book from which we have already quoted, Rubi nstein states: â€Å"The Citys traditional role re-emerged strongly in the late 1950s and early 1960s, with the rise of the Eurocurrency and Eurobond markets†¦ and the beginnings of large-scale investment and borrowings by Third World and Arab countries† (p.73). Such City’s strategy; however, should not be referred to as conceptually fallacious. After all, country’s peasantry has been ‘burned off’ is the chimney of industrialization in 19th century, which is why, after having been deprived of its colonies, Britain simply could not begin expanding industries on its own soil by the mean of increasing citizens’ buying power – there was simply no ‘human fuel’ left to sustain the process of industrialization once again. On the other hand, since the era of post-industrialism has not began yet, City also could not invest into developing of informational technologies and into setting up industrial production lines in the coun tries of Third World, which would have turned Britain into ‘manufacturer of intellect’, as it is the case with today’s Germany, Japan and U.S. This was one of the reasons why the capitalist realities in Britain, through 1945-1955, closely reminded the Communist realities in Soviet Union, around the same time – people standing in lineups to buy basic food, the system of products’ rationing, and the high extent of governmental corruption. Such was the unsightly face of British capitalism in post-war years. Throughout the course of sixties and seventies, the essence of British capitalism’s functioning can be outlined within the following framework: every time, citizens felt that their economic well-being was starting to improve, they would vote for Labor, and after that, their standards of living would take a steep dive again. And, so it went on and on, until Margaret Thatcher was appointed a Prime Minister in 1979. After that, British capitalis m started to remind capitalism proper, for a change – the government allowed the privatization of many state-owned companies, it cut back on investing into public sector and reformed country’s taxation policies. Within a matter of few years, British economy began to regain its former vitality. Unfortunately, British capitalistic revival did not last for too long. After winning the elections of 2001, New Labor proceeded with its old agenda of building a ‘welfare state’.[5] As a result, up until most recent elections, Britain was nothing short of a classical Socialist state the whole armies of uneducated immigrants from Third World were instantly made eligible for generous welfare payments, on the account of their ‘cultural uniqueness’, the quality standards in country’s health care and educational systems were drastically lowered, the medium-sized commercial enterprises were heavily taxed, which had brought many of them on the threshold of bankruptcy, the proper functioning of Britain’s energy sector was brought to a halt, etc. Nevertheless, as it was shown by the outcome of political elections of 2010, it is much too early to bury British capitalism, as the concept synonymous to the concept of properly functioning free-market economy. References Booth, A 1982, ‘Corporatism, capitalism and depression in twentieth-century Britain’, The British Journal of Sociology, vol. 33, no. 2, pp. 200-223. Feenberg, A 1990, ‘Post-industrial discourses’, Theory and Society, vol. 19, no. 6, pp. 709-737. Fulcher, J 1997, ‘Did British society change character in the 1920s or the 1980s’,  The British Journal of Sociology, vol. 48, no. 3, pp. 514-521. Lisle-Williams, M 1984, ‘Beyond the market: The survival of family capitalism in the English merchant banks’, The British Journal of Sociology, vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 241-271. Martin, C 2004, ‘Reinventing welfare regimes: E mployers and the implementation of active social policy’, World Politics, vol. 57, no. 1, pp. 39-69. Rubinstein, WD 1993, Capitalism, culture, and decline in Britain, 1750-1990, Taylor Francis Routledge, London/New York. Solo, R 1954, ‘Research and development in the synthetic rubber industry’, The  Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol. 68, no. 1, pp. 61-82. Weber, M 2001, The protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism. New Translation and Introduction by Stephen Kalberg, Roxbury Publishing, Los Angeles. Wood, N 1959, ‘The empirical proletarians: A note on British Communism’,  Political Science Quarterly, vol. 74, no. 2, pp. 256-272. Footnotes M. Weber 2001, The protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism, Roxbury Publishing, Los Angeles, p. 15. A. Feenberg 1990, ‘Post-industrial discourses’, Theory and Society, vol. 19, no. 6, p. 720. R. Solo 1954, ‘Research and development in the synthetic rubber industry’, The Q uarterly Journal of Economics, vol. 68, no. 1, p. 63. M. Lisle-Williams 1984, ‘Beyond the market: The survival of family capitalism in the English merchant banks’, The British Journal of Sociology, vol. 35, no. 2, p. 250. C. Martin 2004, ‘Reinventing welfare regimes: Employers and the implementation of active social policy’, World Politics, vol. 57, no. 1, p. 45.

City plan of Philadelphia. PA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

City plan of Philadelphia. PA - Essay Example Now is the time to set in place a plan for that future so that current and future residents can once again feel the pride and joy from living in the city of ‘brotherly love’ and a home known for its acceptance of immigrants from all cultures and ways of life. This plan for a new Philadelphia is designed to span only ten years, as time cannot be wasted to get the city back on track towards that prosperity and free and independent city that Philadelphia is known for and certainly deserves to realize once again. Philadelphia’s Present Condition Many urban cities in America are currently facing problems of various sorts. Philadelphia is certain no exception. From infrastructure to education, and budgetary to water issues, Philadelphia is currently going through its fair share of challenges that threaten its very existence. One aspect of Philadelphia that has seemingly not changed over the years, however, is the resiliency of the people. The residents of the city are a vid sports fans, devoted to the area, and consist of multiple generations of families that have called Philadelphia home through the centuries. As such, while these conditions paint a dire picture, they do not truly capture the essence and sprit of the city as a whole. Problems can certainly hurt development and growth, but Philadelphia is well positioned to confront any challenge that it faces and often will arise being a stronger and more determined people as a result. Let us consider for a moment the current state of various issues within the city of Philadelphia as a whole. The first noticeable trend is that, after years of decline, the population of the city has recently started to rise once again. This indicates a movement back to the city a trust in the promise of the future, in spite of the current difficulties currently being encountered. In addition, with all of the negatives being encountered by the educational system, it is encouraging to note an increase in test scores. With the passing of the No Child Left Behind Act in 2001, Philadelphia has encountered over a decade of failing schools systems and poor performance on mandated state testing. While there is still much work to be done in this regard, and Philadelphia as a whole still possesses a most fractured and disjointed educational system, the progress being currently demonstrated is promising and encouraging to the residents of the city. Prior to 2011, Philadelphia had one of the lowest high school graduation rates of urban cities within the United States. Recently, however, even this statistic has begun to reverse itself into positive territory. There graduation rates throughout the city have actually gone up in recent years, and it is estimated that the percentage of adults that have obtained a college degree is now nearly 23 percent. This is figure that many residents of the city thought they would never see. Truth be told, however, these numbers do not paint the whole story. The physical buildings housing many of the city’s educational institutions are crumbling due to age and lack of proper maintenance. The District has long been plagued with budgetary concerns, and the teacher’s have had numerous labor disagreements with the city in recent years. This, coupled with demographic issues also facing Philadelphia has created a perfect storm of trouble for

1.Analyse reasons why managers are interested in having motivated Essay

1.Analyse reasons why managers are interested in having motivated workers - Essay Example Salary raises are acceptable but are not the motivating factor for employees to do their best to their duties. Thus, most managers prefer dealing with motivated workers rather than employees who need to be motivated before they can handle their duties effectively. The essay critically analyzes the reasons why most managers are interested in having motivated workers. Motivation describes the forces that act on an employee and initiate a certain behavior in the workplace. The type and intensity of motivators vary widely among employees since each brings different goals and needs to the workplace (Singla, 2004). Thus, managers prefer working with motivated employees since they strive to find the best way to perform their roles and responsibilities in the workplace. Motivated employees come to work early, can stay late, and have the ability to take on additional work whenever there is the need. They have individual characteristics that touch on their values, personality, abilities, needs, and interests in providing a wonderful work environment for the other co-workers. In contrast, the average worker considers handling the minimum amount of work outlined in order to get their daily pay. The ability and willingness to work effectively affects the efficiency of a worker. Also, the ability to work is obtained with the help of training and education while the willingness to deliver quality services is influenced by one’s motivation (Trehan & Trehan, 2006). Willingness to work is more important than ability since it improves the performance level within the organisation. Even though a worker is educated and recruited on this basis, it is not essential that he will do outstanding work in improving the performance of the organisation. One has to be motivated to do outstanding work. Thus, motivation improves one’s efficiency, which is reflected in decreased costs and

Novel Dihydroquinoline Derivatives Facile Synthesis

Novel Dihydroquinoline Derivatives Facile Synthesis Facile synthesis of novel dihydroquinoline-3,3-dicarbonitriles in the presence of glacial aceticacid as catalyst under solvent-free conditions Masoud Nasr-Esfahani* and Elham Kanaani Department of Chemistry, Yasouj University, Yasouj, Iran Abstract A series of novel dihydroquinoline derivatives were synthesized using malononitrile, 2-aminobenzoic acid and benzaldehydes in the presence of a catalytic amount of acetic acid, without the use of any additional co-catalyst, under solvent-free conditions. The reaction is characterized by high efficiency, easy workup, simple purification of the products and availability of catalyst. Keywords: Dihydroquinoline derivatives, Acetic acid, Malononitrile, 2-Aminobenzoic acid, solvent-free Introduction Heterocyclic compounds including nitrogen, have an important role in organic chemistry. Among these compounds, the quinoline derivatives have attracted great attention because of their application in biological and pharmacological fields. They act as antimalarial,[1-3] anti-psychotic,[4] antihypertensive,[5] anti-parasitic,[6] anthelmintic,[7] antitubercular,[8] antiasthmatic,9] antifungals,[10,11] anticancer,[12] anti-inflammatory,[13] anti-HIV,[14] anti-AIDS,[15] and antineoplastic.[16]A few promising compounds with quinoline ring system are shown as 13 compounds (Fig. 1). Furthermore, quinoline derivatives can be used in the synthesis of fungicides, biocides, alkaloids and flavoring agents,[17] as well as these compounds find use in manufacturing a wide variety of food and lake colors. They could generate a sharp green electroluminescence and have the high quantum efficiency of emission in the blue and the green region.[18] Therefore, in regard to these observations and importance of pharmaceutical and biological of these compounds, herein we study the solvent-free synthesis of novel dihydroquinoline derivatives in presence of glacial acetic acid as catalyst. In the context of green chemistry, the development of clean technologies is very important in organic and medicinal chemistry. The use of available and nontoxic catalysts and replacing solution reactions with solvent-free ones are some cases that can help reduction and elimination of harmful effects of chemical reactions.[19] The volatile nature and toxicity of many organic solvents that are widely used for organic reactions have propounded a serious threat to the environment. Therefore, in recent years, the design of solid-state reaction has received much attention from the eco-friendly synthesis viewpoint.   Solvent-free techniques represent several significant synthetic benefits including savings in money, time and products, and simplicity of the experimental procedure and work-up technique. In recent times application of nontoxic catalysts such as glacial acetic acid in chemical reactions has been an area of interest. Acetic acid is an excellent polar protic solvent and can act as a mild and efficient catalyst for the promotion of the organic reactions. Other factors that stimulate the use of acetic acid include the price of catalyst and simplicity of the work-up procedure. In this research, we report the synthesis of 4-oxo-2-aryl-1,2-dihydroquinoline-3,3(4H)-dicarbonitriles, that involves two steps, in presence of glacial acetic acid under solvent-free conditions. AcOH is an efficient, inexpensive and available acid and in recent decades has been recognizing as a mild catalyst in organic synthesis.[20] Results and Discussion In continuation of our studies in the development of the synthetic methodologiesfor the preparing of fine chemicals and heterocyclic compounds of biological importance,[21-25] herein, we were interested in reporting the synthesis of novel dihydroquinoline derivatives in the presence of the glacial acetic acid as a mild and efficient catalyst. This synthesis involves two steps: firstly, 2-(2-aminobenzoyl) malononitrile intermediate (6) was synthesized via the glacial acetic acid-catalyzed reaction of 2-aminobenzoic acid (4) with malononitrile (5) under solvent-free condition. Subsequently, the novel dihydroquinoline derivatives (8)were prepared by addition of benzaldehyde derivatives (7) to the mixture reaction and attack on the intermediate 6 and followed by intermolecular cyclization (Scheme 1, Table 1). The main advantage ofthis reaction that was carried out with AcOH is that the percentage of peripheral products was low and the recrystallization was also much easier. The 1H NMR spectrum of 8b showed a singlet identified as CH (ÃŽÂ ´ = 4.263 ppm), and a signal at ÃŽÂ ´ 7.831 ppm for NH group. The signals appearing in the 7.308-8.197 ppm are assigned for aromatic rings protons. The proton decoupled 13CNMR spectrum of 8b compound exhibited 14 distinct resonances that confirmed the proposed structure. The infrared spectra (IR) of these compounds show NH bonds appearing at 3388-3453 cm-1. The bands found at 2210-2229 cm-1 are attributed to the CN groups. The intense bands appearing at 1695-1700 cm-1 are assigned to carbonyl groups. The peaks in the region of 1025-1350 cm-1 are assigned for à Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ (C-N) stretching vibration. The proposed mechanism in which acetic acid has catalyzed this conversion was depicted in Scheme 3. Initially, the proton of acetic acid activates carbonyl group of 2-aminobenzoic acid (3) to achieve intermediate 9 and thus increases the electrophilicity carbonyl carbon of acid. In the following, nucleophilic addition of intermediate 10 was done by intermediate 9 and following the loss of H2O intermediate 6 was produced. In the next step, with the addition of an aromatic aldehyde to the reaction mixture, the carbonyl group of aldehyde   was activated by acetic acid to give intermediate 11 thus increases the electrophilicity of carbonyl carbon of aldehyde 7 . The reaction proceeds by nucleophilic addition of the amino group of 6 to the activated aldehyde to afford intermediate 12 and following loss of H2O intermediate 13 was produced. Finally, with intermolecular cyclization of intermediate 13 the product 8 was produced (Scheme 2). Conclusions In summary, a novel class of dihydroquinoline derivatives 8 was obtained using 2-aminobenzoic acid, malononitrile and aromatic aldehydes in presence of AcOH as catalyst under solvent-free conditions. These novel compounds as potentially useful compounds with possible biological and pharmaceutical activities can be applied in various fields such as medicinal and agricultural areas. The most important features of this protocol are an inexpensive and available catalyst, simple purification, easy work-up, with the desired products being isolated in excellent yields. Experimental Section Chemicals and reagents were purchased from Merck, Fluka, and Aldrichchemical companiesand were used without further purification. IR spectra were recorded applying a FT-IR JASCO-680 spectrophotometer in KBr with absorptions in cm-1. The 1H NMR (400 MHz) and 13C NMR (100 MHz) spectra were recorded on a Bruker 400 MHz Ultrashield spectrometer in DMSO-d6 solution with TMS as an internal standard. Mass spectra were recorded by the Fisons Trio 1000 (70 ev). All melting points were measured on a Barnstead Electrothermal (BI 9300) apparatus in open capillary tubes and all are uncorrected. The progress of the reaction was monitored by thin layer chromatography (TLC). General procedure for the synthesis of dihydroquinoline derivatives using AcOH Firstly, a mixture of malononitrile 5 (1.0 mmol, 0.06 g), 2-aminobenzoic acid 4 (1.0 mmol, 0.14 g) and glacial acetic acid (o.2 ml), was heated at 80  °C under solvent-free conditions with concomitant stirring for the 6 h (reactions were monitored by TLC). Subsequently, with the formation of intermediate 6, aromatic aldehyde 7 (1.0 mmol) was added to the reaction mixture, and the mixture was stirred under reflux for the suitable time (reactions were monitored by TLC). After completion of the reaction, ethyl acetate was added and the obtained mixture filtered and then washed with water. After that, the obtained crude products were recrystallized in ethyl acetate to afford the pure product in 70-87% yields (table 1). The products were characterized by IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and mass spectroscopic methods. 2-(4-nitrophenyl)-4-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline-3,3(4H)-dicarbonitrile (8a): Brown solid, Mp: 238-240  °C;IR (KBr, cm-1): 3440, 3165, 2225, 1695, 1509, 1417, 1344, 1203, 1160, 833, 572; 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6): 8.39 (t, 2H, J = 7.8 Hz, aromatic CH), 8.30 (d, 1H, J = 7.6 Hz, aromatic CH), 8.15 (t, 2H, J = 7.8 Hz, aromatic CH), 8.07 (s, 1H, NH), 7.91 (t, 1H, J = 8.4 Hz, aromatic CH), 7.69-7.63 (m, 2H, aromatic CH ), 4.62 (s, 1H, CH); 13C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d6): 203.81, 162.54, 149.23, 148.75, 138.52, 131.44, 129.52, 126.17, 124.65, 118.15, 116.19, 111.06, 60.24, 56.02; MS (m/z): 318.1[C17H10N4O3]+, 293.1 [C16H11N3O3]+, 246.1 [C16H12N3]+, 234.1 [C16H12NO]+, 184.1 [C11H8N2O]+, 277, 170, 127, 101, 89, 75. Acknowledgements We are grateful to the Yasouj University for supporting this work. SUPPORTING INFORMATION Experimental method, IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, Mass and MP for this article can be found via the Supplementary Content section of this articles webpage. Broom, A. D.; Shim, J. L.; Anderson, G. L. J. Org. Chem. 1976, 41, 1095. References Kaur, K.; Jain, M.; Reddy, R. P.; Jain, R. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 2010, 45, 3245-3264. Marella, A.; Tanwar, O. P.; Saha, R.; Ali, M. R.; Srivastava, S.; Akhter, M.; Shaquiquzzaman, M.; Alam, M. M.   Saudi.   Pharm. J. 2013, 21, 1-12. Wang, X. S.; Zhang, M. M.; Jiang, H.; Yao, C. S.; TU, S. J. Tetrahedron 2007, 63, 4439-4449. Li, K.; Li, Y.; Zhou, D.; Fan, Y.; Guo, H.; Ma, T.; Wen, J.; Liu, D.; Zhao, L. Bioorg.   Med. Chem. 2016, 24,1889-1897. Eswaran, S.; Adhikari, A. V.; Chowdhury, I. H.; Pal, N. K.; Thomas, K. D. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 2010, 45, 3374-3383. Ulahannan, R. T.; Panicker, C. Y.; Varghese, H. T.; Musiol, R.; Jampilek, J.; Alsenoy, C. V.; War, J. A.; Srivastave, S. K. Spectrochim. Acta. A. Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc. 2015, 151, 184-197. Ortiz-Cervantes, C.; Flores-Alamo, M.; Garcia, J. J. Tetrahedron lett. 2016, 57, 766-771. Almansour, A. I.; Arumugam, N.; Kumar, R. S.; Menendez, J. C.; Ghabbour, H. A.; Fun, H. K.; Kumar, R. R. Tetrahedron lett. 2015, 56, 6900- 6903. Ghaffari Khaligh, N. Chin. J. Catal. 2014, 35, 474-480. Safaei-Ghomi, J.; Ghasemzadeh, M. A. J. Nanostruct. 2012, 1, 243-248. R. Musiol, J. Jampilek, V. Buchta, L, Silva, H, Niedbala, B. Podeszwa, A. Palka, K. Mejerz- Maniecka, B. Oleksyn, J. Polanski, Antifungal properties of new series of quinoline derivatives, Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2006, 14, 3592- 3598. M. M. Ghorab, F. A. Ragab, H. I. Heiba, R. K. Arafa, E. M. El-Hossary, In vitro anticancer screening and radiosensitizing evaluation of some new quinolines and pyrimido[4,5-b] quinolines bearing a sulfonamide moiety, Eur. J. Med. Chem. 2010, 45, 3677-3684. Ch. Yu, H. Zhang, Ch. Yao, T. Li, B. Qin, J. Lu, D. Wang, One-pot three-component synthesis of benzo[f]thiopyrano[3,4-b]quinolin-11(8H)-one derivatives, J. Heterocycl. Chem. 2014, 51, 702-705. J. H. Peng, R. H. Jia, N. Ma, G. Zhang, F. Y. Wu, A facile and expeditious microwave-assisted synthesis of furo [3,4-b]indeno[2,1-f]quinolin-1-one derivatives via multicomponent reaction, J. Heterocycl. Chem. 2013, 50, 899-902. C. Benard, F. Zouhiri, M. Normand-Bayle, M. Danet, D. Desmaele, H. Leh, J. F. Mouscadet, G. Mbemba, C. M. Thomas, S. Bonnenfant, M. Le Bret, J. dAngelo, Linker-modified quinoline derivatives targeting HIV-1 integrase: synthesis and biological activity, Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2004, 14, 2473-2476. X. Xu, W. Liu, Zh. Wang, Y. Feng, Y. Yan, X. Zhang, Silver-catalyzed one-step synthesis of multiply substituted quinolines, Tetrahedron Lett. 2016, 57, 226-229. S. P. Shirame, S. Y. Jadhav, R. B. Bhosale,   Design and synthesis of 1,2,3- triazole quinoline analogues via click chemistry approach and their antimicrobial, antioxidant activites, Asian J. Pharm. Clin. Res. 2014, 7, 163-165. Y. T. Tao, E. Balasubramanian, A. Danel, B, Jarosz, P. Tomasik, Sharp green electroluminescence from IH-pyrazolo[3,4,b]quinoline-based light-emitting diodes, Appl. Phys. Lett. 2000, 77, 1575-1577. M. Nasr-Esfahani, M. Montazerozohori, M. Taei, Aluminatesulfunic acid: Novel and recyclable nanocatalyst for efficient synthesis of aminoalkyl naphthols and amidoalkyl naphthols, C. R. Chim. 2016, 19, 986-994. M.   El-Sayed, K. Mahmoud, A. Hilgeroth, Glacial acetic acid as an efficient catalyst for simple synthesis of dindolymethans, Curr. Chem. Lett. 2014, 3, 7-14. M. Nasr-Esfahani, Z. Rafiee, M. Montazerozohori, H. Kashi, A highly efficient magnetic solid acid nanocatalyst for the synthesis of new bulky heterocyclic compounds, RSC Adv. 2016, 6, 47298- 47313. M. Nasr-Esfahani, M. Montazerozohori, M. Aghel-Mirrzaee, H. Kashi, Efficient and green catalytic synthesis of dihydropyrimidinone (thione) derivatives using cobalt nitrate in solvent-free conditions, J. Chil. Chem. Soc. 2014, 1, 2311-2314. M. Nasr-Esfahani, S. J. Hosseini, M. Montazerozohori, R. Mehrabi, H. Nasrabadi, Magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles: efficient and recoverable nanocatalyst for the synthesis of polyhydroquinolines and hantzsch 1,4-dihydropyridines under solvent-free conditions, J. Mol. Catal. A: Chem. 2014, 382, 99-105. M. Nasr-Esfahani, T. Abdizadeh, Nanorod vanadatesulfuric acid as a novel, recyclable and heterogeneous catalyst for the one-pot synthesis of tetrahydrobenzopyrans, J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 2013, 13, 5004- 5001. M. Nasr-Esfahani, S. J. Hosseini, F. Mohammadi, Fe3o4 nanoparticles as an efficient and magnetically recoverable catalyst for the synthesis of 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-ones under solvent-free conditions , Chin. J. Catal. 2011, 32, 1484-1489. Figure 1: promising compounds with quinoline ring Scheme 1:Synthesis ofdihydroquinoline-3,3-dicarbonitrile derivatives Table 1. Synthesis of 4-oxo-2-aryl-1,2-dihydroquinoline-3,3(4H)-dicarbonitriles using AcOH Entry R Product Time 1 (h) Time 2 (h) Yield (%) a Mp ( °C) 8a 4-NO2 6 5 87 238-240 8b 4- Cl 6 6 87 201-204 8c 2,4- Cl2 6 6 84 177-179 8d 4- Br 6 8 74 217-225 8e 4- OMe 6 9 77 206-208 8f 4- Me 6 9 69 140-142 a Isolated yield. Scheme 2: Proposed mechanism for the formation of dihydroquinolines 8.

Essay examples --

Our world is made up of many diverse cultures. These cultures have influenced many aspects of this world that we live in today. Understanding and developing knowledge about these cultures is vitally important. Having the ability to understand other cultures will allow you to look deeper into your own cultural values. We will begin with looking at the nation’s largest minority group, which are the Hispanic Americans (Healey, 2012). The Hispanic Americans are divided into many groups. The three largest groups are the Mexican Americans, Puerto Ricans, and Cuban Americans (Healey, 2012) and these are the three that will be focused on. Mexican Americans are the largest Latino, or Hispanic American, group. There are many events that have had an influence on the Mexican American way of life. Immigration from Mexico flourished during the Mexico Revolution in 1910. Trouble was arising in Mexico and many people were fleeting hoping to stray away from the issues. After World War II, there was an increased demand for labor. This caused an increase in Mexican American immigration as well. The government of the United States fought back towards the immigration. â€Å"Operation Wetback† was put into place in the 1950s as a program in which almost 4 million Mexicans were deported. Mexican American’s privacy was vandalized, raided and broken into. Operation Wetback caused hard feelings towards Americans and has been a continuing issue for Mexican Americans to accept (Healey, 2012). One of the most significant changes in Mexican society came from the North American Trade Agreement, or NAFTA. In this agreement, th e U.S. began to move their factory operations to Mexico. Jobs were offered at factories along the board but the wages were decreased (Heale... ...us in the nation. According to McKenzie and Rouse (2013), â€Å"79% of African Americans say religion is very important in their lives.† African American religion is carried out in worship settings. They emphasize theology during their messages. The majority of African Americans are Protestant and classifying yourself in a group is highly valued in this society (McKenzie & Rouse, 2013). Just like religion is important in this culture, extended family is as well. The extended family of African Americans is typically described as close-knit. The blood ties of this culture are the strongest bonds. All adults are responsible for a child’s upbringing. They are part of the community and it is the adult’s job to help them grow. Roles and jobs are shared through out the family. Sharing roles and working together are seen as stabilizing factors within the home (Henderson, 1999).

Joints and Body Movements

Joints and Body Movements Laszlo Vass, Ed. D. Version 42-0014-00-01 Purpose: What is the purpose of this exercise? In this exercise I will exam how joints function and thereby discover how they allow for movement in the body. Joints are where two bones come together. The joints hold the bones together and allow for movement of the skeleton. All of the bones, except the hyoid bone in the neck, form a joint. Joints are often categorized by the amount of motion they allow. Some of the joints are fixed, like those in the skull, allow for no movement.Other joints, like those between the vertebrae of the spine, allow for some movement. Most of the joints are free moving synovial joints. In this exercise I will exam how joints function and thereby discover how they allow for movement in the body. Are there any safety concerns associated with this exercise? If so, list what they are and what precautions should be taken. Basic lab precautions, including keep a clean workspace and washing your hand when dealing with raw poultry. In order to ensure that this occurs layout the equipment beforehand in a clean sterile environment and follow safe work practices.Exercise 1: Questions A. As you observe the skull, explain how the structure of the sutures between the cranial bones is related to the overall function of the cranium. Children’s heads needs to squeeze through the birth canal during delivery, humans during infancy have evolved with a soft skull composed of many different bony plates that meet at regions called cranial â€Å"sutures†. These sutures also allow the skull to grow rapidly during the first year of life, at which time the bones start to slowly fuse together. This allows the skull to continue to protect the skull during early development.B. Why are synarthroses an important component of fibrous joints? These joints are weight bearing and the joints provide stability and cushioning. Synarthrotic joint is to provide a stable union between bony sur faces. The suture and synchondrosis actually become more stable when ossification of the joint takes place. Exercise 2: Questions A. Cartilaginous joints exhibit amphiarthroses. Why is this important? Amphiarthroses provides an articulation between bony surfaces that permits limited motion and is connected by ligaments or elastic cartilage, such as that between the vertebrae.B. Structurally, how are cartilaginous joints similar? Cartilaginous joints are connected entirely by cartilage. Cartilaginous joints allow more movement between bones than a fibrous joint but less than the highly mobile synovial joint. Cartilaginous joints also form the growth regions of immature long bones and the intervertebral discs of the spinal column. Exercise 3: Questions A. Which type of synovial joint has the least amount of movement? Plane joints permit sliding or gliding movements in the plane of articular surfaces.The opposed surfaces of the bones are flat or almost fat, with movement limited by the ir tight joint capsules. B. Why are diarthroses important for synovial joints? Diarthrosis permits a variety of movements. All diarthrosis joints are synovial joints and the terms diarthrosis and synovial joint are considered equivalent. C. Which synovial joint is most movable? A ball and socket joint is a joint in which the distal bone is capable of motion around an indefinite number of axes, which have one common center.It enables the bone to move in a 360 ° angle. D. What are the four structural characteristics that all synovial joints share? Synovial joints all have synovial fluid, articular cartilage, articular capsule, synovial membrane, capsular ligaments, blood vessels, and sensory nerves. Exercise 4: Questions A. Which of the body movements was the most difficult to perform? Why? Inversion which is a gliding joint and provides little movement. B. Hinge joints like the elbow and knee have limited movement. Why are these types of joints more prone to injury?Hinge joints in the elbow and knee contain a lot of anatomical structures packed into a tiny space and when challenged with heavy and constant use, it thus especially prone to injury and infection. C. When performing flexion on the arm, the biceps muscle (on the anterior of the arm) contracts. What happens to the triceps muscle (on the posterior of the arm) as this action is performed? As you perform flexion on your arm the triceps muscle relaxes. D. Both the shoulder and the hip are ball and socket joints. Why does the shoulder have a greater range of motion than the hip?The muscles and joints of the shoulder allow it to move through a remarkable range of motion, making it the most mobile joint in the human body. The shoulder can abduct, adduct rotate, be raised in front of and behind the torso and move through a full 360 ° in the sagittal plane. Exercise 5: Observations Sketch your chicken wing: Label the bones, muscles, tendons and joints. Exercise 5: Questions A. What effect will the tearing of a tendon have on its corresponding muscle? The corresponding muscle will shrink due to the decreased activity tendon. This is because when the tendon is torn the area around the tendon ill not be in very much use until the tendon is repaired which can take a good while unless professionally handled. The muscle will go back to its original size once the tendon heals and the muscle is used more. B. Why are ligaments harder to heal than tendons? Tendons heal faster than ligaments. The reason is that tendons are connected to the muscle, which will allow them to receive a larger blood flow. Ligaments are connected to bone which supplies less blood. Blood is the key -what carries nutrients in order to repair the tissue. C. Compare and contrast tendons and ligaments.Ligaments connect bone to bone and tendons connect bone to muscle. D. What is the function of fascia? It is responsible for maintaining structural, provides support and protection, and acts as a shock absorber. The function of muscle fasciae is to reduce friction to minimize the reduction of muscular force. Fasciae: a) Provide a sliding and gliding environment for muscles. b)Suspend organs in their proper place. c) Transmit movement from muscles to bones, and d) Provide a supportive and movable wrapping for nerves and blood vessels as they pass through and between muscles. [ E.What effect would the loss of articular cartilage have on a joint, its bones and their corresponding muscles? It causes the breakdown of the cartilage in joints. It also called degenerative arthritis. Cartilage is the joint's cushion. It covers the ends of bones and allows free movement. If it becomes rough, frays, or wears away, bones grind against each other. As a result, the joint becomes irritated and inflamed. Sometimes the irritation causes abnormal bone growths, called spurs, which increase swelling. Conclusions Explain how skin, bones, and muscles are related to each other.Why is this relationship important to the underst anding of the skeletal and muscular systems? Joints are where two bones come together. The joints hold the bones together and allow for movement of the skeleton. All of the bones, except the hyoid bone in the neck, form a joint. Joints are often categorized by the amount of motion they allow. Some of the joints are fixed, like those in the skull, allow for no movement. Other joints, like those between the vertebrae of the spine, allow for some movement. Most of the joints are free moving synovial joints

Beowulf vs Grendel Essay - 713 Words

The roles that Beowulf and Grendel played in the story were very easily deciphered. Beowulf being pure good, and Grendel being pure evil. One of the reasons of why the book â€Å"Beowulf† is so well known is because of the fact that it is one of the first stories of good vs. evil, or light vs. dark. In modern good and evil stories, there are super heroes with super powers. They use these powers for the good of the world and to help innocent people. In most cases there is a villain that oppose these super hero’s. They usually have powers as well but they use it for evil and wrongdoing. They usually face off and most of the time, the super hero wins over the villain. But none of these stories would have been here†¦show more content†¦He has been chosen to protect the world from evil. When this story was made, the author intended for it to be clear that Beowulf is supposed to be the hero of the story. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Grendel was the character that played the â€Å"villain† in the book. He killed innocent people for only the reason of that they were having a good time, and he wasn’t. He is pure evil and kills countless people for pretty much the fun of it. He was said to be able to pick up thirty men at a time. So no normal human could match his strength. In the book it’s very easy to understand that Grendel is pure evil. He is called â€Å"The Captain of evil†. It doesn’t get anymore obvious then that. Grendel is shown as a monster that cannot be stopped. He’s a powerful force that can run through anyone and everything. But not the Super Hero. He could never match the power of pure good. So when Grendel fought Beowulf, Beowulf tricked him in thinking he was asleep and as soon as Grendel got near him, Beowulf grabbed him. 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